Everything about Guadalupe Storm-petrel totally explained
The
Guadalupe Storm-petrel (
Oceanodroma macrodactyla) is a small
seabird of the storm-petrel
family Hydrobatidae. It is apparently
extinct.
Description and ecology
This
species was almost indistinguishable from its relative,
Leach's Storm-petrel. In the field, they couldn't be told apart except by their
circannual rhythm. In the hand, the Guadalupe Storm-petrel could be distinguished by slightly larger size and the paler underwing coverts.
It bred only on
Guadalupe Island off
Baja California (
Mexico), and presumably ranged throughout the region. The breeding season was set between that of the local subspecies of
Leach's Storm-petrel, the winter-breeding
Oceanodroma leucorhoa cheimomnestes and the summer-breeding
O. l. socorroensis, in accordance with
Gause's Law.
The single egg, white with a faint ring of reddish-brown and
lavender speckles around the blunt end, was laid in burrows maybe 15 inches (35-40 cm) long, below the
Guadalupe Pine (
Pinus radiata var.
binata)-
Island Oak (
Quercus tomentella)
cloud forest on top of Mount Augusta. By mid-June, almost all young had already left the burrows. Though there's little data on
Oceanodroma breeding,
incubation was presumably 42 days or so in this species, just as in similar-sized relatives. Time to
fledging must have taken between 60 and 75(-85?) days, most likely around 65 days. This would mean that egg-laying took place from early February to March, and that in April-May, unfledged young were present in most active burrows. just as in their relatives, the egg was incubated a few days by either parent, after which the other took over, the relieved bird taking to the sea to satiate themselves for the next incubation stint. The young were fed only at night, also like in other storm-petrels.
3 species of
lice have been found to
parasitize the Guadalupe Storm-petrel: the
menoponids Longimenopon dominicanum and
Austromenopon oceanodromae, and the
ischnoceran
Halipeurus raphanus. The second also occurs on some other storm-petrels, and the third was also found on the
Ashy Storm-petrel.
L. dominicanum on the other hand has to date not been found on other birds and seems to be a case of
coextinction.
Disappearance
The introduction of
cats to the island decimated the population during the late
19th century. By the end of the 1906 breeding season, it was still considered "abundant" though of course the "large numbers" of birds present there and then must have been nearly the entire population of this species. Still, it was noted that
"[t]he mortality among these birds from the depredations of the cats that overrun the island is appalling - wings and feathers lie scattered in every direction around the burrows along the top of the pine ridge." and the last record of a breeding bird was in 1912. The species hasn't been seen since. Only old, abandoned burrows and the decayed remains of storm-petrels killed by cats were found in the years thereafter. However, the Guadalupe Storm-petrel can't be told apart from the sympatric O. leucorhoa in the field, and surveys on Guadalupe invariably took place outside the breeding season of O. macrodactyla, focussing on researching the local Leach's Storm-petrels. Thus, there remained some hope for the present species' survival, or rather, its extinction couldn't be definitely confirmed.
From June 4 to June 10, 2000, the Guadalupe Storm-petrel's breeding grounds were finally surveyed at the correct time. Had the species survived, not only would recently-fledged immature birds have been present, but also all signs of a recently-ended breeding season, such as eggshells and freshly-used burrows retaining the musky smell of these birds. In the words of the expedition's primary researcher, Exequiel Ezcurra of the San Diego Natural History Museum,
"We searched thoroughly for the Guadalupe storm petrel, and failed to find it. Sadly, we're now more ready to admit that the species is indeed extinct. Never, since the 1920s, had so much search effort been devoted to this species. At different times, more than 10 researchers looked for the elusive creature. It simply wasn't there."(External Link
)
The official classification by the IUCN hasn't been updated yet. In any case, the precautionary principle would probably require a few years of follow-up surveys, possible now than restoration of Guadalupe's ecosystem is underway.
Footnotes
Further Information
Get more info on 'Guadalupe Storm-petrel'.
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